Saturday, 19 February 2005

economie distributive

Jacques Duboin (1878 -- 1976), choquée par la grande crise de 1929, a développé une théorie économique qui en vaut une autre ! Dans les extraits de " la grande relève ", mensuel de réflexion socio-économique fondée en 1934 et dirigé aujourd'hui par sa fille, on voit que les problèmes du capitalisme était à peu près les mêmes dans les années 30 qu'aujourd'hui. Il m'arrive parfois de penser que si Hitler n'avait pas existé, le capitalisme serait peut-être déjà mort depuis quelques temps. Avec des si... mais enfin, s'il n'y avait pas eu l'interlude 1939-45 et ensuite les " trente glorieuses" on peut, je crois, se poser légitimement la question.
[...] d'un côté, surproduction, débouchés saturés, matières premières gaspillées ; de l'autre, malnutrition, famine, misère morale et chômage. Or les économistes prétendaient qu'il s'agissait d'un déséquilibre momentané entre l'offre et la demande, d'une de ses crises conjoncturelles," cyclique", qui se produisent quand on a produit trop, ou trop vite, mais que la loi du marché finit toujours par résorber. Bien au contraire, démontre J. Duboin dans une " lettre à tout le monde" paru en 1938, c'est une crise structurelle, [...] " nous faisons fausse route parue en 1931" en nous accrochant à nos habitudes économiques et financières, au point de les confondre avec des lois naturelles, immuables, quand elles s'avèrent dépassées : " résoudre la crise, dans l'esprit hélas ! De la majorité des hommes, consiste à revenir aux conditions d'autrefois"(extrait de " le fascisme ne résout pas la crise", article paru le 8 janvier 1937 dans le journal l'œuvre) [...] les Etats industrialisés recensaient alors 30 millions de chômeurs [...]. Cependant, et à seule fin d'en maintenir les cours, on entreprit systématiquement et légalement de détruire des denrées ou de les rendre impropres à la consommation, au mépris des besoins insolvables et sans le moindre souci écologique du gâchis que constitue de telles destructions. À l'époque où, d'après les statistiques de la SDN, une somme équivalant à 110 milliards de fois le montant du salaire minimum français était consacré à des commandes d'armement, la France ne trouvait pas les moyens d'assurer la retraite de ses vieux travailleurs. J. Duboin entreprend alors une vaste campagne. Il se révolte non seulement sur le plan moral, écœuré qu'on détruise des biens quand des gens, à côté, manquent de tout, mais aussi sur le plan écologique, devant le gâchis que ces destructions représentent, et enfin sur le plan purement économique car son expérience de financier, de banquier, de secrétaire d'état au trésor lui permet d'affirmer que toutes ces absurdités ont une cause commune et qu'il serait possible d'y mettre fin, pourvu qu'on acceptât d'évoluer. Il fonde une association, un mensuel. D'autres associations se créent parallèlement. Tous dénoncent l'absurdité criminelle dont les Etats atteints par la récession se rendent coupable en décidant d'intervenir sur le marché pour " l'assainir", obligeant ainsi les contribuables à payer collectivement ce qu'ils ne peuvent plus acheter, tandis qu'un nombre croissant d'économiquement faibles pour cause de chômage se trouvent exclus du marché. Le Brésil est cité, par exemple, parce qu'il brûla à l'époque six millions de tonnes de café.---- Ça me rappelle une expression, quand on dit de quelqu'un qu'il exagère " c'est un peu fort de café ! ".---- le président Roosevelt, qui fit verser aux fermiers américains de fortes indemnités pour qu'ils laissent en friches leurs terres cultivables. En ce qui concerne la France, Duboin et ses amis dressent, au fur et à mesure, la liste des lois et décrets votés par les députés et par les sénateurs pour " lutter contre l'abondance" du blé (24-12-34 et 27-9-38), du vin (30-7-35 et 17-6-38), du poisson (21-11-35), de l'ensemble des récoltes (30-10-35), de l'électricité (30-10-35), des chaussures (23-3-36), de la viande (24-4-36), du sucre (27-8-37), des bananes produites dans nos colonies (31-12-38)... Ils intentent même, sans résultat, un procès contre l'État pour préjudices causés aux consommateurs par ces destructions et entraves à la production. J. Duboin a beau expliquer que la grande relève est une véritable " libération parue en 1937" qui est à la portée des pays développés, puisqu'ils détiennent les moyens matériels de s'affranchir des contraintes du travail de production pour se consacrer désormais et de plus en plus à des activités épanouissantes, librement choisies. Mais il faut pour cela que la machine y soit mise au service de l'homme, au lieu de l'exclure, il faut adapter les mécanismes de l'économie aux possibilités de notre temps. Il faut maîtriser l'économie et non plus se laisser dominer par ses soi-disant " lois", quand celles-ci se révèlent obsolètes. Il n'est pas mieux compris quand il explique que la croissance du nombre d'exclus favorise la montée du fascisme, de même quand il prévient que la course aux armements ne permet de relancer l'économie qu'au prix d'une échéance redoutable. Peine perdue. Ces avertissements, pourtant repris par des milliers d'adhérents, n'arrive pas à empêcher cette destruction encore plus radicale : la guerre, qui transforme les millions de chômeurs en millions de soldats puis en millions de morts. Financiers, politiciens et économistes trouvent alors, miraculeusement, les moyens de financer et les armements, et les soldats. Les destructions et les reconstructions qui suivent assainissent les marchés et restaurent les profits. La crise est oubliée.

L'analyse distributiste
Le système capitaliste, qui gouverne actuellement notre beau monde (et y a suscité, reconnaissons-le, de prodigieux développements) et basé sur l'échange marchand, dans lequel l'équilibre entre production et consommation est supposé s'établir toujours, spontanément, automatiquement, en vertu de la loi de l'offre et de la demande. Et cet équilibre s'étend tout aussi naturellement à l'ensemble de l'économie depuis qu'un économiste classique, en énonçant les principes du libéralisme économique, a affirmé que l'offre crée la demande : c'est la loi des débouchés. Il suffit pour cela, mais c'est une règle absolue, de laisser-faire, de ne jamais intervenir, d'aucune manière... Dans un pays entré dans l'ère de l'abondance ce n'est plus possible. Un nombre croissant de gens se trouvent dans l'impossibilité de se placer sur le marché du travail et n'ont par conséquent plus de source de pouvoir d'achat. Et comme c'est d'autant de clients qui disparaissent, la machine économique est irrémédiablement enrayée par d'innombrables réactions en chaîne. Dans ce système, il faut vendre et vendre le plus cher possible. Or, lorsqu'il devient abondant, un produit perd de sa valeur marchande -- signalons que dans les années 30, le marketing était tout juste émergeant --. Alors pour maintenir le profit, on cherche à en maintenir la rareté et c'est la lutte entre "rareté et abondance" (écrits en 1944). Après le répit apporté par la seconde guerre mondiale, cette lutte s'est encore développée et officiellement organisée au niveau européen : c'est le principe même de la PAC, cette politique agricole commune dont on s'aperçoit aujourd'hui qu'elle nous a coûté des sommes astronomiques, sans avoir résolu le problème : la production agricole continue à créer des "surplus", c'est-à-dire plus que les besoins solvables -- et même plus que les besoins réels --, tandis que n'a cessé de croître le nombre des agriculteurs acculés à la faillite. Dans le même temps le nombre d'exclus qui n'ont rien à manger amène Coluche à créer les restos du cœur. Cette obstination à vouloir maintenir à tout prix un système devenu catastrophique s'est manifestée d'abord dans le secteur agricole... Maintenant, ce sont les biotechnologies qui sont prêtes à opérer une nouvelle coupe sombre dans l'emploi agricole. Les conséquences en seront dramatiques si les derniers agriculteurs cessent d'entretenir la terre parce qu'elle n'est plus "rentable". Après les mines et la sidérurgie, vint le tour du secteur industriel où les nouvelles technologies remplacèrent le bras de l'homme par un automate, lui-même commandé, géré, surveillé par des microprocesseurs. Libération ? -- on aurait pu alors se dire que c'était la fin du travail ? -- hélas, non, parce qu'on veut toujours que s'applique le principe :"tu gagneras ton pain à la sueur de ton front" ! On aboutit ainsi à cette conclusion stupide : "il faut créer des emplois", sans le moindre souci de leur utilité. Toutes les victimes de "dégraissages pour cause économique" se retournent donc vers le tertiaire... ou l'informatique a très rapidement permis d'automatiser bien des taches. Que faire ? Une idée s'impose : puisque le nombre de clients diminue, il faut créer des services pour aller à leur recherche. Alors nait une jungle où la lutte est de tous les instants, où tous les coups sont bons pourvus qu'ils permettent de supplanter l'autre, où tous les moyens sont mobilisés à cette seule fin. Il faut être un battant : dans un cours de gestion ou de marketing, on vous forme au combat et on vous dresse à considérer que l'objectif, c'est la vente ; la cible, le client ; la récompense, l'argent. Ainsi, dans ce système dit libéral, les jeunes et tous ceux qui ont fait l'objet d'un "dégraissage pour cause économique" n'ont pas d'autre perspective que de monter sur ce ring qu'on appelle la compétitivité.

Pollution morale
La publicité génère la "société de consommation" et inflige, avec les moyens considérables dont elle dispose, une insupportable tentation à ceux qui n'y ont pas accès (une des causes principales de la délinquance). Evidemment, comme dans ce système ou un individu dont le porte-monnaie est vide n'existe pas, on cherche à susciter de nouveaux besoins et on crée du superflu pour ceux qui ont déjà le nécessaire. Les pays riches ont asservi les pays pauvres, dévoyé leurs cultures en leur faisant miroiter des profits, qu'ils n'ont pas obtenu car l'abondance de leurs exportations en a fait chuter les cours, fixés, par les pays riches. On utilisera les ressources la technologie pour mettre au point des appareils destinés à être vite remplacés et la mode incitera à les renouveler le plus souvent possible. Le souci de l'environnement est perçu comme une contrainte -- ceci est un point très important. En effet, il est impossible de concilier écologie et économie capitaliste --. D'autres emplois ont été inventés, dont la pollution envahit les cerveaux, plus sournoisement que les phosphates n'infiltrent la nappe phréatique. Ces "tour operators", ces conseillers, ces intermédiaires et animateurs en tout genre, qui, sous prétexte de les aider à profiter de leurs loisirs, privent leurs clients de leur autonomie, leur font perdre tout esprit d'initiative, tout libre arbitre et tout jugement personnel. Les jeux télévisés sont encore des moyens de tirer profit des loisirs ou des rêves d'un public captif. Donc d'un côté, tant de moyens, d'effort et d'ingéniosité sont déployés pour faire du pognon et de l'autre l'éducation et les services de santé manifestent des besoins criants.

Le nœud gordien
Pour investir dans une entreprise il faut s'adresser une banque qui exige l'assurance que l'entreprise sera en mesure de la rembourser avec intérêts et dans un délai limité. Si elle a cette assurance, ou une caution équivalente, la banque crée l'argent nécessaire, sous forme de crédits. Alors, seules les entreprises lucratives peuvent trouver un financement dans le système, quel que soit, d'ailleurs, leur utilité sociale. La création monétaire est le comble des aberrations engendrées par le système. Elle a cessé d'être le droit régalien du pouvoir politique, et ne résulte donc pas de décision résultant d'un débat. Les banques privées ont reçu le privilège de créer, sous forme de crédits, des sommes qui peuvent atteindre jusqu'à 10 fois le montant des dépôts qui leur sont confiés. Les déréglementations initiées par Reagan au début des années 80 ont encore élargi ces privilèges en même temps qu'ils ont permis les transactions boursières les plus invraisemblables. Les flux monétaires entre les sept pays les plus riches du monde s'élevaient en 1991 à 420 milliards $/jour alors que le commerce international ne correspondait alors qu'à 12,4 milliards $/jour.

L'impôt
L'État a théoriquement institué l'impôt pour financer les besoins collectifs et répartir les biens et les richesses. Aujourd'hui, l'impôt pénalise celui qui travaille "pour gagner sa vie" car il ne sait pas s'organiser pour éluder l'impôt -- le nanti, lui, s'organise pour mettre son argent dans des paradis fiscaux et grâce au conseil de fiscalistes il connaît toutes les ficelles afin d'éluder l'impôt. La théorie Malthusienne préconise qu'il vaut mieux prendre aux pauvres car ils sont plus nombreux. Les multinationales et financiers internationaux spéculent sur les marchés des changes et leur bénéfice est détaxé. La banque "joue" l'argent de ses clients. Quand elle gagne c'est pour elle, quand elle perd c'est pour nous -- le contribuable paiera la facture. Remplaçons l'impôt sur le revenu par une taxe sur les plus-values ! Taxons ce qui détruit la planète. Taxons ce qui fait du tort à l'individu. Taxons l'argent qui ne circule pas. Détaxons les revenus du travail. Détaxons les produits de première nécessité. Offrons à tous un dividende social rien que parce qu'il existe et qu'il a droit une vie digne.

Le progrès et le travail
Les politiques parlent du chômage à résorber et du plein emploi à rétablir. Utopie, mensonge, bêtise ou incompétence ? La politique et l'art de rendre possible ce qui est nécessaire et l'économie politique se doit de tendre à équilibrer harmonieusement "production" et "consommation". L'évolution de la société nous empêche d'apporter notre contribution à la production en créant des machines et les ordinateurs qui travaillent aujourd'hui à notre place. Et, c'est tant mieux ! Nous sommes donc les bénéficiaires en tant qu'héritier et légataire universel de toute l'humanité qui nous a précédés. Dès lors, cessons de perdre notre vie à la gagner et revendiquons le maintien de notre pouvoir d'achat plutôt que le droit au travail. Bien sûr, l'oisiveté est la mère de tous les vices et tout être humain éprouve naturellement le besoin de créer et de réaliser pour pouvoir s'exprimer. Mais un travail inutile, répétitif ou polluant avili, dénature l'être humain et engendre dépressions et maladies de civilisation. Les robots et les ordinateurs peuvent réaliser à notre place la plus grande partie du travail productif et répétitif nécessaire à notre bien-être. Mais, l'équilibre économico-social est rompu. Autrefois, celui qui ne possédait que sa force de travail n'avait donc que son salaire pour participer à la consommation. Aujourd'hui, le travail est spolier par les machines, mais les machines peuvent-elles nous voler aussi la consommation ? Nous devons adapter nos outils de régulation économique à la réalité actuelle, pour permettre à tous de participer activement à l'amélioration de la qualité de la vie. La société doit pouvoir payer une mère qui décide de se consacrer entièrement à l'éducation de ses enfants (pas plus de 2 ou 3), payer celui qui décide de consacrer sa vie à la recherche, à l'art ou à la méditation au même titre que celui qui participe à la production des biens de consommation. Qui peut prétendre savoir juger lequel aura le plus apporté au genre humain ? Chacun devrait pouvoir choisir son activité en fonction de ses aptitudes et de ses goûts et non en fonction de projections mercantiles. On peut imaginer aussi que l'on pourra changer d'activité au cours des années et se retrouver tantôt sur un tracteur tantôt à piloter une machine à commande numérique et tantôt à écrire des poèmes ou à peindre sur une île à l'écart de toute civilisation. Nous ne sommes pas faits pour le travail mais le travail et fait pour que nous puissions nous exprimer, nous épanouir, nous ouvrir aux autres, nous réaliser.

La peur du lendemain
La peur du lendemain transforme l'homme en loup pour l'homme. On n'a peur de ne pas avoir assez, et si l'on a suffisamment peur on a d'ailleurs jamais assez. La peur nous empêche d'être généreux et c'est encore la peur qui nous empêche de prendre le moindre risque qui pourtant permettrait de grandir et de nous épanouir. C'est la peur de l'inconnu, de l'autre, de la différence qui est responsable du racisme de la xénophobie et de l'égoïsme, c'est la peur qui engendre la violence et les guerres et ce n'est pas le pouvoir qui corrompt mais la peur de le perdre. Le remède à la peur, c'est la confiance en soi. Aujourd'hui, est le premier jour de tous ceux qui me restent à vivre. Le passé n'existe plus -- ne nous y attachons pas. Le futur n'existe pas encore -- il est donc inutile de fantasmer. Les remords du passé et l'angoisse du futur sont les assassins d'aujourd'hui. Vivre au présent permet de jouir pleinement de tout ce que nous offre la vie. Si nous pensons négativement, nous obtiendrons du négatif par contre si nous pensons positivement, nous obtiendrons du positif. Tout dans la vie fonctionne de manière aussi simple. C'est nous qui avons l'art de tout compliqué. Seul l'esprit agit, le corps ne fait que réagir aux suggestions de l'esprit. Notre plus grand travail à poursuivre inlassablement c'est de découvrir, réaliser, réveiller et utiliser toute la puissance de notre esprit pour notre plus grand bien et celui de notre entourage. Les pensées négatives sont comme des oiseaux, nous sommes incapables de les empêcher de voler au-dessus de notre tête mais nous pouvons les empêcher de faire nid dans notre tête. Ces pensées négatives sont un voile qui obscurcit et déforme la réalité. S'angoisser pour quelque chose qui pourrait arriver demain est semblable à verser aujourd'hui un intérêt pour de l'argent pas encore emprunté. Lorsqu'on interrogeait le Mahatma Gandhi sur les possibilités de son assassinat il répondait invariablement : " tant qu'ils ne l'ont pas fait, ce n'est pas mon problème, une fois qu'ils l'auront fait, ce ne sera plus mon problème ". Chassons nos pensées négatives comme nous chassons les mouches en été.


La monnaie distributive

Marie-Louise DUBOIN


Observant la grande relève des hommes par la machine (1) dans toutes les techniques de production, Jacques Duboin (1878-1976) comprit qu'elle bouleversait toutes les relations économiques. Il caractérisa le changement de civilisation, ce qu'on a appelé "la crise" comme le passage de " la rareté à l'abondance "( )2. Par ces termes il prétendait très précisément ceci : dès qu'un pays industrialisé parvient à créer de plus en plus de biens et de services avec de moins en moins de main d'œuvre, le problème essentiel cesse d'être celui de la production ; c'est celui de la distribution des richesses produites qui devient primordial. Il pense alors l'instrument de cette distribution : une monnaie gagée sur les richesses qu'elle permet d'acheter.

Les règles de notre économie ont été établies au cours de l'ère de la rareté, quand il s'agissait de produire de plus en plus et à moindres frais pour se prémunir contre la pénurie, ou de produire des objets rares pour les vendre cher, quelle qu'en soit leur utilité ou leur nocivité. De l'ère de la rareté naît l'idée que le producteur joue le premier rôle sur la scène économique parce que la création des richesses dépend de lui. En est aussi issu le concept selon lequel la création de nouveaux besoins est la panacée aux crises de chômage, car toute nouvelle production nécessite alors, proportionnellement, de nouveaux emplois.

Ne pas remettre en cause ces principes, revient à accepter que notre système économique continue à orienter la société vers la croissance productiviste dont les conséquences sont désastreuses. Ayons le courage de voir en particulier que le travail a changé au point de ne plus se mesurer en temps de production, et que le salaire ne permet plus d'assurer à tout le monde les moyens de vivre. Il s'agit d'utiliser la révolution technologique pour qu'elle débouche sur une véritable libération de l'humanité (3). Cet projet implique dans les relations économiques un bouleversement de même ampleur que celui qui a ébranlé les techniques de production.
Jacques Duboin a tracé les grands lignes de l'économie distributive dans cet esprit, avec une monnaie, qu'il n'a donc pas présentée comme une monnaie parallèle, mais comme l'instrument de la distribution des richesses dans une société repensée. La monnaie est en effet l'outil de la politique économique ; et parce qu'elle en a lâché la maîtrise, la politique est en train de perdre les commandes.

Contre le productivisme imposé
L'économie politique de l'abondance se distingue de l'économie actuelle au niveau de la création monétaire (4). Notre monnaie officielle est, pour l'essentiel, créée sous forme de dettes et en vue d'intérêts particuliers. Rappelons le mécanisme de la création de la monnaie bancaire qui constitue maintenant, il faut le souligner, 85 % de la masse monétaire : l'organisme qui "consent" un crédit ouvre un compte à son client et y inscrit (par une ligne d'écriture dans un livre ou une entrée dans une mémoire d'ordinateur) une somme convenue, après quoi le bénéficiaire peut faire des achats en tirant sur ce compte, par divers moyens, chèque, carte à puce, etc. Exactement de la même façon qu'on tire de l'argent sur un compte qu'on a soi-même approvisionné en y versant les revenus de son activité. La différence est que pour obtenir son crédit, le bénéficiaire s'est engagé à rembourser la somme qui lui a été allouée, mais en payant en plus des intérêts, et ceux-ci peuvent être très substantiels. Dès lors, c'est la croissance devient obligée, la rentabilité aussi, au mépris de toute autre considération : pour rembourser à temps, il faut faire de l'argent par tous les moyens, des plus dangereux jusqu'aux moins honnêtes. C'est le productivisme imposé, la compétition au mépris des hommes et de leur environnement, d'où le sang contaminé, l'industrie agro-alimentaire, le poulet à la Dioxine et les brevets sur le vivant.

Une monnaie qui ne sert qu'une fois
Pour empêcher cette perversion, la monnaie distributive est créée de la façon suivante. Au départ, même technique : un organisme ouvre un compte au nom d'une personne, physique ou morale, et y inscrit une certaine somme, après quoi le titulaire du compte paie ses achats dont le montant est soustrait de son "avoir disponible". Première différence : il n'a rien à rembourser, ni capital, ni intérêts. La somme qui lui a été allouée est annulée au fur et à mesure qu'il la dépense, par le même processus que le remboursement d'un crédit (la ligne d'écriture commence cette fois par un signe moins). La monnaie distributive représente donc une monnaie de consommation qu'on ne peut ni créer, ni prêter contre paiement d'intérêts. Autre différence, cette monnaie ne circule pas de main en main ou de compte en compte, elle ne sert qu'une fois ; lors d'un achat, son montant est annulé par déduction du compte de l'acheteur et non transféré sur le compte du vendeur. Celui-ci peut l'enregistrer pour sa comptabilité et mettre à jour son inventaire, mais son propre compte n'en est pas crédité. Il est, lui aussi, alimenté par création monétaire comme pour le compte de son client.

La monnaie n'est plus une réserve
Autre aspect de la monnaie, sa valeur. Pendant des milliers et des milliers d'années, une monnaie d'échange était une marchandise intermédiaire qui avait une valeur intrinsèque. Elle était gagée sur un bien précisément défini, ce qui garantissait qu'à son tour elle serait ultérieurement échangée contre une autre marchandise, estimée à la même valeur. Il s'est agi le plus souvent de métal précieux, dont la qualité et la quantité était attestées par une autorité reconnue, de sorte que le rôle de référence attribué à un métal conférait un pouvoir injustifié aux propriétaires des mines d'où ce métal était extrait. D'autre part, cette marchandise tierce n'était pas produite au rythme des besoins de monnaie entraînés par l'augmentation incessante des échanges commerciaux. Si les monnaies n'ont cessé de se déprécier, c'est-à-dire si l'unité monétaire a été rattachée à une quantité de métal de plus en plus faible, c'est pour pallier ce dernier défaut.
Mais cela n'a pas suffi au besoin croissant de monnaie dans l'économie ; des rallonges à la monnaie métallique ont alors été inventées. L'histoire de la création de ces rallonges( 5), le billet de banque puis la monnaie bancaire, d'abord reçus correspondant à de véritables dépôts, puis reçus fictifs ne correspondant plus à aucun dépôt réel, est édifiante ! Ces signes monétaires ont gardé, au début, leur rattachement à un étalon ; mais ce lien, de plus en plus indirect, a complètement sauté il y a seulement quelques décennies. Même si on énonce encore dans les classiques que la monnaie a par définition les trois qualités qu'elle a eues pendant des siècles : être un moyen d'échange, un étalon de valeur et une réserve de valeur, aucune monnaie au monde ne peut plus sérieusement être considérée comme une réserve, puisque sa valeur n'est plus rattachée à un étalon et qu'elle varie à chaque instant, de façon quasi imprévisible. Voilà qui ouvre grand les portes à une spéculation dont on découvre l'ampleur après coup.

En économie d'abondance, les prix sont " politiquement établis "
La monnaie distributive, au contraire, est gagée sur une valeur réelle, celle des richesses qu'elle permet d'acheter. Elle est émise au rythme de la production, et de manière à ce que sa masse équilibre a priori celle des biens et services mis en vente. Cet équilibre est recherché aujourd'hui a posteriori, mais il reste introuvable parce que les signes monétaires, qui se créent et s'annulent au rythme des prêts consentis et de leurs remboursements, circulent de mains en mains à une vitesse impossible à mesurer. En revanche, la masse de monnaie distributive créée chaque année étant égale au produit intérieur brut (PIB), il n'est plus question d'inflation ou de déflation. Que le pouvoir d'achat total des consommateurs d'une région donnée soit égal au montant des achats qui y sont offerts, n'empêche pas le commerce extérieur. Celui-ci peut toujours s'appliquer sur la base d'échanges contractuels de biens ou de services.
Reste la question du prix des marchandises. On nous raconte encore, avec un manque total de réalisme, que "la main invisible du marché" les fixe, alors que c'est plutôt le souci de rapporter un profit maximum au producteur ou à ses actionnaires. En économie d'abondance, les prix doivent résulter d'un débat autrement plus démocratique : ils doivent être politiquement établis, dès l'engagement de la production, pour prendre en compte non plus seulement le temps des employés et le coût des matières premières et des machines, mais aussi l'incidence du choix des moyens de production sur l'environnement, sur la santé, l'épuisement des ressources non renouvelables, voire la dégradation du paysage ou le devenir des usines qui cessent leur activité…

Donner au politique la décision de création et de distribution de la monnaie
Venons-en au pouvoir de création monétaire.Il 'est essentiel, car qui le détient possède la clef de l'économie. On pourrait penser que, lorsque le pouvoir est passé de la royauté à la république, le droit régalien de battre monnaie a été transmis aux représentants du peuple, comme pour d'autres droits régaliens tels que rendre la justice ou lever une armée. Pas du tout ! Cet immense pouvoir est devenu le privilège des banques et autres organismes de crédit, qui jugent du montant et du bénéficiaire de la monnaie mise en circulation (par eux) selon des critères établis en fonction de leurs intérêts propres. Mais cet état de fait se trouve tellement ignoré que beaucoup de gens croient encore qu'une banque se contente de prêter à ses clients l'argent que d'autres lui ont confié. Voici à ce propos les réflexions d'un expert en la matière, Maurice Allais : " Le mécanisme du crédit tel qu'il fonctionne actuellement, fondé sur la couverture fractionnaire des dépôts, sur la création de monnaie ex nihilo, et sur le prêt à long terme de fonds empruntés à court terme a pour effet une amplification considérable des désordres constatés. Aucun système décentralisé d'économie de marché ne peut fonctionner correctement si la création incontrôlée ex nihilo de nouveaux moyens de paiement permet d'échapper aux ajustements nécessaires. Partout la spéculation frénétique et fébrile est permise, alimentée et amplifiée par le crédit tel qu'il fonctionne ". Ajoutons que l'anonymat qui règne sur ces signes monétaires rend possibles toutes sortes de commerces illicites, dont celui de la drogue, et que les paradis fiscaux permettent à l'argent sale d'entrer, sans être détecté, dans le cycle de la monnaie officielle.

" L'humain avant l'intendance "
Seul un organisme officiel doit être habilité à répartir, suivant des règles publiquement débattues, la masse monétaire entre les investissements décidés, le fonctionnement des services publics (il n'est donc plus question, pour les payer, ni d'impôts ni de taxes) et les comptes individuels. L'économie distributive étend la démocratie jusqu'à l'économie en donnant au pouvoir politique la décision de création et de distribution de la monnaie.
Il devient ainsi possible de garantir à vie un revenu décent à tout citoyen, contre l'engagement de participer aux tâches indispensables. Ce devoir peut être rempli sans contrainte s'il a lieu sur la base de contrats civiques, permettant à chacun de choisir et d'organiser ses activités, en les diversifiant tout au long de sa vie.
La gestion distributive n'assimile pas, dans une même comptabilité l'homme et les moyens de production, contrairement à ce qui arrive aujourd'hui. Elle fait passer les besoins d'épanouissement des êtres humains, présents et à venir, au premier plan des objectifs de l'économie. L'humain avant l'intendance. On entrevoit ainsi toutes les possibilités dynamiques ouvertes par l'économie distributive et le contrat civique, qui n'ont été ici que très succinctement évoquées.

Marie-Louise DUBOIN


1. La grande relève des hommes par la machine, Jacques Duboin, éditions Fustier, 1932.
2. Ce qu'on appelle la crise, J. Duboin, éditions nouvelles, 1934.
Rareté et abondance, J. Duboin, éditions OCIA, 1944.
3. Libération, J. Duboin, éditions Grasset, 1937.
4. L'économie politique de l'abondance, J. Duboin, éditions Lédis, 1951.
5. Les yeux ouverts, J. Duboin, éditions Jeheber, 1955.
Pourquoi manquons-nous de crédits ?; J. Duboin, 1961.
L'argent, John K. Galbraith, éditions Gallimard, 1994.
Une économie de rêve !, René Passet, éditions Calmann-Lévy, 1995.


La monnaie distributive par Marie-Louise DUBOIN *
*Directrice du mensuel La Grande Relève créé par son père Jacques Duboin. Elle le remplace depuis sa mort en 1976.

text

Monday, 10 January 2005

india and china aware of himalaya ufo base

http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/01-09a-05.asp

China and India both know about underground UFO base in the Himalayan border area deep into the tectonic plates
Staff Reporter
January 09, 2005


Kongka La is the low ridge pass in the Himalayas (the blue oval in the map). It is in the disputed India-China border area in Ladakh. In the map the red zone is the disputed area still under Chinese control in the Aksai Chin area. The Chinese held northeastern part is known as Aksai Chin and Indian South West is known as Ladakh. This was where Indian and Chinese army fought major war in 1962. The area is one of the least accessed area in the world and by agreement the two countries do not patrol that part of the border. According to many tourists, Buddhist monks and the local people of Ladakh, Indian Army and Chinese Military maintain the line of control. But there is something much more serious happening in this area.
According to the few locals people on the Indian and Chinese side, this is where the UFOs are seen coming out of the ground, According to many, the UFO underground bases are in this region and both the Indian and Chinese Government know this very well..

Recently, some Hindu pilgrims on their way to Mount Kailash from the Western pass, came across strange lights in the sky. The local guides while in the Chinese territory told them that this was nothing new and is a normal phenomenon from Kongka Pass area the tensed border between India and China. This strange lighted triangular silent crafts show up from underground and moves almost vertically up. Some of the adventurous pilgrims wanted to look into the site. They were first turned by the Chinese guard posts as they were refused entry from the Chinese side and then when they tried to approach the site from Indian side, the Indian border patrol also turned them down in spite of their permit to travel between the two countries.


The pilgrims at that stage started quizzing the Indian border petrol personnel. According to them, the security personnel told them that they are ordered not to allow any one near the area of interest and it is true that strange objects come out from under the ground with amplified and modulated lights. India’s Special Forces and possible visit the area by intelligence agencies.
The locals start laughing in that area when they are asked about these UFO sightings. According to them the extra-terrestrial presence is well known and is in deep into the ground. They believe neither the Indian or Chinese Governments want to expose the fact for some reason. When they bring up thus matter to local Governments, they are told to keep quiet. This is the region where the Euresian plate and the Indian plate have created convergent plate boundaries. Convergent plate boundaries are formed where one plate dives under another. Thus this is one of the very few areas in the world where the depth of the crust twice as much as in other places. The opposite is found in hot spots like Yellow Stone National Park in America where the earth’s crust in thin.

The double thick earth crust allows the creation of underground bases deep into the tectonic plates. China and India both know about underground UFO base in the Himalayan border area deep into the tectonic plates






Kongka La has beautiful rocks and granites. For some strange reasons neither Chinese nor Indian authorities ever excavate, dig or mine holes in this area. The area is pristine and untouched.

Recently, both India and China have moved forward to solve all border disputes and start the Sino-Indian relations all over again. The Aksai Chin area is still disputed. But interesting while negotiations both the Governments are indifferent on this area. India and China as shown in the accompanying maps have huge border along the Himalayas and they are negotiating on all these regions. Though India claims that Aksai Chin is part of India, the common belief in the Government, it is not a show stopper. On the other hand, Chinese after winning Aksai Chin from India in 1962 war, built a strategic military highway. Now they are using an alternate highway no to bother with the area in Kongka La.
Recently in the local school, young children of the area entered into a drawing contest. More than half of the drawings had to do with strange objects in the sky and some coming out of the mountains. Many of them even know what and when to look for.

Many UFO researchers believe that there are hidden UFO bases under the ocean and deep under the ground. Kongka La is experiencing some strange phenomenon and suspicious objects coming out of the inaccessible huge mountains (Himalayas) and both the Governments refuse to come out and say what these are.

The other alternative is that it is an underground strategic Air Force base of some one. Then why will either country allow the base on the official no man’s land in the highly sensitive disputed border areas? Why is this region continuously reporting UFO sightings from various kinds of people?



India May Be First To Tell
The World About ET Contact

Staff Reporter India Daily
1-6-5

New Delhi is in the middle of a big secret internal debate. On one side the largest democracy of the world is eager to explain to its citizens and to the world about the ongoing contacts with the UFOs and extra-terrestrials. On the other hand there are invisible untold international protocols that prohibit doing anything that may cause worldwide fear and panic. It is well accepted between the UFO and extra-terrestrial experts that all the five nuclear powers are in contact with the beings from other stars for quite some time. Recently India has seen enormous news on UFO contacts and secret UFO bases in Himalayas near the Chinese bases. In Ladak, for example the locals clearly point out the everyday phenomenon of large triangular spacecrafts coming out below the ground and Indian security forces protecting them. Military officials and politicians have confessed the fact that India has been contacted. India has been told the rules of the Universe. The current debate is on whether to keep it secret like other countries are doing or in tradition of a total transparent society come out and tell the truth. India is so open and democratic; it is very difficult to keep a secret for long. The biggest concern of the Government today is that unlike in other countries, it will be very difficult to keep it secret for long. If the information comes out through unofficial channels first and then the authorities are pressed against the wall to confess, two bad things can happen. First, it can really cause a panic in the country as well as the world. Second, the way the Indian politics is run, the ruling party will be thrown out of power in no time i it is ever found that the Government withheld such information from the public. The recent rush of world leaders to India is remarkable. Starting from Russian President Putin to major Senators from America have visited or are planning to visit India. European Union is in deep discussion with India on cooperation. All sanctions against India's nuclear programs and Indian Space Research Organization are in the process of being lifted. India is cooperating with Europeans and the Americans in space explorations and technology research program. India is also part of World Trade Organization. India is receiving major outsourcing contracts in IT and call-center service work from America and Europe. India's Forex reserve is at a level never imagined before because of international direct investments from Western nations, Japan, Korea and others. Interestingly, China the arc rival of India changed its posture in the last few years to make India's friendship and trade a priority. India is slowly getting to the point when it is accepted as a permanent member of the Security Council. All the five Security Council members China, America, Russia, France and UK support India's inclusion. When all these factors are added together and analyzed, it seems like India is being told by the world to abide by the hidden protocols and in exchange be recognized as a major emerging superpower. The debate the country is facing internally is whether to abide by the laws of the world and the Universe to be recognized as a superpower or be truthful to its citizens and the world. According to sources close to the Government, the UFO contacts is known by quite a few politicians in the opposition and of course by those who are in power. The military has legitimate concern of not letting the secrets out either. Recently, India's foreign affairs minister Mr. Natwar Singh came out and said that for India it was not necessary to become a nuclear power. He is a strong supporter of Mrs. Indira Gandhi, India's former Prime Minister who initiated the nuclear program in the mid sixties. India first exploded a nuclear device in Pokhran in early seventies. The whole country including people from his own party questioned Mr. Singh for such an irresponsible statement. But on analyzing his statements, it is evident, that based on what he knows now, being a nuclear power really does not matter much because the technologies controlled by the extra-terrestrials are so advanced that all our technologies mean really nothing. But importantly he may be irritated with this controversial ongoing secret debate and what he really meant was that if India was not a nuclear power, the debate on UFO and extra-terrestrials will never be there in India.

http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/01-06a-05.asp

Rense.com

Most All Quake Govts Knew But Didn't Issue Warnings

By Sudhir Chadda
Special Correspondent

India Daily News

1-3-5 Now it is slowly coming out that almost all the Governments affected by the Tsunami knew about the earthquake and possible Tsunami hours before their countries were hit. by the killer tidal waves. The only local Government that did not have a chance to react or evacuate was in Sumatra and Andaman Nicobar islands.
Based on the analysis of the time sequence in which these Governments received information and failed or decided not to act is alarming. In Sri Lanka, India, Maldives and Thailand rumors in the main street are rampant that their respective Governments were told not to act by someone or some entity.
Indian Military, for example, clearly got the information two hours before the Tsunami hit the India's mainland. An Indian Air Force base was wiped out in Andaman Nicobar island near Sumatra close to the epicenter if the earthquake two hours before the Tsunami hit the mainland India. When Indian Military tried to inform the Government, the Government did nothing as if they did not hear.
Same story is being repeated in Thailand, Sri Lanka and Maldives. How can all the countries decide to let Tsunami come and not evacuate a single human being?
Some are concluding that the Governments knew of some experiments by some country, agency or entities. They were clearly told not to react because it was in a controlled environment. Or, they may have just asked to keep quiet.
Recent alien contacts have been reported with the South Asian Governments especially India. UFO sightings have been rampant over the region affected. Some in Nicobar Island say that it was an experiment conducted by the alien extra-terrestrial entities to correct the wobbly rotation of the earth. And some of the Indian scientists are actually seeing that wobbly rotation of the earth has been corrected since the massive underwater earthquake and Tsunami.
In Indian capital of New Delhi, faxes were being sent to wrong fax numbers so that nothing much is done even though the Government clearly knew about the coming Tsunami. People have started asking the question - was this utter failure or global conspiracy to accommodate some entity or interest or was this for the good of the earth?
If this was an utter failure, how do you justify that all six Governments failed separately in their own domain one by one.
According to some extraterrestrial UFO observers, the UFO sightings before the earthquake and Tsunami were very unusual in that part of the world. They claim the world's Governments were told not to act for some reason.
The most amazing thing is that United States Geological Survey and Ocean Monitoring agencies came to know about the Tsunhe Tsunami and earthquake but decided not to do anything. Well it seems the whole world decided to fail to do anything together at the same time. Are we missing something?
Can it be that all the Government Agencies knew what was happening but were told not to do anything? Who told them? Or is this just a tragic coincidence?
In Thailand, some in the Government said they decided not to act because it would just scare people. Really? Are we not supposed to get scared of scary things?
http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/01-03d-05.asp

http://www.huttoncommentaries.com/PSResearch/UandM_PS2001/newestCWobb.gif

Sunday, 21 April 2002

uk: millions exposed to germ war tests

.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2002/apr/21/uk.medicalscience

archived on the 28th of december 2009

Millions were in germ war tests

Much of Britain was exposed to bacteria sprayed in secret trials

Antony Barnett, public affairs editor

The Observer

Sunday 21 April 2002

10.23 BST

The Ministry of Defence turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public.

A government report just released provides for the first time a comprehensive official history of Britain's biological weapons trials between 1940 and 1979.

Many of these tests involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told.

While details of some secret trials have emerged in recent years, the 60-page report reveals new information about more than 100 covert experiments.

The report reveals that military personnel were briefed to tell any 'inquisitive inquirer' the trials were part of research projects into weather and air pollution.

The tests, carried out by government scientists at Porton Down, were designed to help the MoD assess Britain's vulnerability if the Russians were to have released clouds of deadly germs over the country.

In most cases, the trials did not use biological weapons but alternatives which scientists believed would mimic germ warfare and which the MoD claimed were harmless. But families in certain areas of the country who have children with birth defects are demanding a public inquiry.

One chapter of the report, 'The Fluorescent Particle Trials', reveals how between 1955 and 1963 planes flew from north-east England to the tip of Cornwall along the south and west coasts, dropping huge amounts of zinc cadmium sulphide on the population. The chemical drifted miles inland, its fluorescence allowing the spread to be monitored. In another trial using zinc cadmium sulphide, a generator was towed along a road near Frome in Somerset where it spewed the chemical for an hour.

While the Government has insisted the chemical is safe, cadmium is recognised as a cause of lung cancer and during the Second World War was considered by the Allies as a chemical weapon.

In another chapter, 'Large Area Coverage Trials', the MoD describes how between 1961 and 1968 more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii , which mimics anthrax. These releases came from a military ship, the Icewhale, anchored off the Dorset coast, which sprayed the micro-organisms in a five to 10-mile radius.

The report also reveals details of the DICE trials in south Dorset between 1971 and 1975. These involved US and UK military scientists spraying into the air massive quantities of serratia marcescens bacteria, with an anthrax simulant and phenol.

Similar bacteria were released in 'The Sabotage Trials' between 1952 and 1964. These were tests to determine the vulnerability of large government buildings and public transport to attack. In 1956 bacteria were released on the London Underground at lunchtime along the Northern Line between Colliers Wood and Tooting Broadway. The results show that the organism dispersed about 10 miles. Similar tests were conducted in tunnels running under government buildings in Whitehall.

Experiments conducted between 1964 and 1973 involved attaching germs to the threads of spiders' webs in boxes to test how the germs would survive in different environments. These tests were carried out in a dozen locations across the country, including London's West End, Southampton and Swindon. The report also gives details of more than a dozen smaller field trials between 1968 and 1977.

In recent years, the MoD has commissioned two scientists to review the safety of these tests. Both reported that there was no risk to public health, although one suggested the elderly or people suffering from breathing illnesses may have been seriously harmed if they inhaled sufficient quantities of micro-organisms.

However, some families in areas which bore the brunt of the secret tests are convinced the experiments have led to their children suffering birth defects, physical handicaps and learning difficulties.

David Orman, an army officer from Bournemouth, is demanding a public inquiry. His wife, Janette, was born in East Lulworth in Dorset, close to where many of the trials took place. She had a miscarriage, then gave birth to a son with cerebral palsy. Janette's three sisters, also born in the village while the tests were being carried out, have also given birth to children with unexplained problems, as have a number of their neighbours.

The local health authority has denied there is a cluster, but Orman believes otherwise. He said: 'I am convinced something terrible has happened. The village was a close-knit community and to have so many birth defects over such a short space of time has to be more than coincidence.'

Successive governments have tried to keep details of the germ warfare tests secret. While reports of a number of the trials have emerged over the years through the Public Records Office, this latest MoD document - which was released to Liberal Democrat MP Norman Baker - gives the fullest official version of the biological warfare trials yet.

Baker said: 'I welcome the fact that the Government has finally released this information, but question why it has taken so long. It is unacceptable that the public were treated as guinea pigs without their knowledge, and I want to be sure that the Ministry of Defence's claims that these chemicals and bacteria used were safe is true.'

The MoD report traces the history of the UK's research into germ warfare since the Second World War when Porton Down produced five million cattle cakes filled with deadly anthrax spores which would have been dropped in Germany to kill their livestock. It also gives details of the infamous anthrax experiments on Gruinard on the Scottish coast which left the island so contaminated it could not be inhabited until the late 1980s.

The report also confirms the use of anthrax and other deadly germs on tests aboard ships in the Caribbean and off the Scottish coast during the 1950s. The document states: 'Tacit approval for simulant trials where the public might be exposed was strongly influenced by defence security considerations aimed obviously at restricting public knowledge. An important corollary to this was the need to avoid public alarm and disquiet about the vulnerability of the civil population to BW [biological warfare] attack.'

Sue Ellison, spokeswoman for Porton Down, said: 'Independent reports by eminent scientists have shown there was no danger to public health from these releases which were carried out to protect the public.

'The results from these trials_ will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons.'

Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: 'It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research.'

antony.barnett@observer.co.uk

Friday, 1 March 2002

chemtrails basics

-- CHEMTRAILS --

Covert Climate Control?

Under the banner of some top-secret scientific agenda, the US military continues to weave chemical-laden contrails in the skies, causing health problems for unprotected people on the ground.


Extracted from Nexus Magazine, Volume 8, Number 6 (October-November 2001)
PO Box 30, Mapleton Qld 4560 Australia. editor@nexusmagazine.com
Telephone: +61 (0)7 5442 9280; Fax: +61 (0)7 5442 9381
From our web page at: www.nexusmagazine.com

by William Thomas © 2001
Heron Rocks 1-9
Hornby Island, BC
Canada
V0R 1Z0
Email: willthomas@telus.net
Website: www.lifeboatnews.com


For nearly three years, chemtrail observers have hoped an official would step forward to explain the origin and purpose of broad white plumes criss-crossing the skies above a dozen allied nations. Their wait is over...

It was nearly noon when S.T. Brendt awoke and entered the kitchen of her country home in Parsonsfield, Maine. As she poured her first cup of coffee, the late night reporter for WMWV Radio could not have guessed that her life was minutes away from drastic change. Her partner Lou Aubuchont was already up, puzzling over what he had seen in the sky a half-hour before. The fat puffy plumes arching up over the horizon were unlike any contrail he had ever seen, even during his hitch in the Navy.

Like breath exhaled on a winter's day, the contrails he was used to seeing would flare briefly in the stratosphere as hot moist engine exhaust flash-freezes into a stream of ice-crystals. These pencil-thin condensation trails are pretty to watch but short-lived, subliming into invisibility as exhaust gases cool quickly to the surrounding air temperature.

But in late 1997, Aubuchont started observing thicker 'trails extending from horizon to horizon. Hanging in the sky long after their creators had flown from view, these expanding white ribbons would invariably be interwoven by more thick lines left by unmarked jets, Air Force white or silver in colour.

On this March 12th morning in 2001, Lou did not mention his sighting as S.T. indulged in caffeine. Sipping gratefully, she glanced out the window. It looked like another gorgeous, cloudless day. But not quite. Brendt baulked at several chalk marks scrawled across the crystalline blue sky. "Contrails or chemtrails?" she jokingly remarked. Lou got up and looked. What kind of clouds run exactly side by side in a straight line? he wondered. It's just too perfect to happen naturally. When he said he wasn't sure, S.T. stopped smiling and went outside.

Looking up towards the southeast over West Pond, she spotted the first jet. A second jet was laying billowing white banners to the north. Both aircraft appeared to be at over 30,000 feet. Turning her gaze due west, Brendt saw two more lines extending over the horizon. She called Lou. Within 45 minutes the couple counted 30 jets. This isn't right, S.T. thought. We just don't have that kind of air traffic here. While Lou kept counting, she went inside and started calling airports. One official she reached was guarded but friendly. He had relatives in West Pond.

The Air Traffic Control manager told Brendt her sighting was "unusual". His radars showed nine commercial jets during the same 45-minute span. From her location, he said, she should have been able to see one plane.

And the other twenty-nine? The FAA official confided off the record that he had been ordered "by higher civil authority" to re-route inbound European airliners away from a "military exercise" in the area. "Of course, they wouldn't give me any of the particulars and I don't ask," he explained. "I just do my job."

Excited and puzzled by this information, S.T. and Lou got into their car and headed down Route 160. Looking in any direction they could see five or six jets flying at over 30,000 feet. Never in the dozen years they'd lived in rural Maine had they seen so much aerial activity.

A former US Navy Intelligence courier, Aubuchont was used to large-scale military exercises. But he told S.T. he had never seen anything this big. "It looked like an invasion," he later recounted.

Another driver almost went off the road as he leaned over his dashboard trying to look up. As they passed, he acknowledged them with a nod.

As far as they could see stretched line after line. Two giant grids were especially blatant. Instead of dissipating like normal contrails, these sky trails grew wider and wider and began to merge. Looking towards the Sun, Aubuchont saw what appeared like "an oil and water mixture" reflecting a prismatic band of colours. He couldn't call it a rainbow. Rainbows aren't sinister.

As Lou and S.T. completed their errands, the jets kept them company, leaving lines and even circles that resembled smoke rings. Even living near Kennedy, LaGuardia and Newark jetports, Aubuchont had never seen so many big jets performing identical manoeuvres in the same sky. When they returned to Parsonsfield around four, the lines were starting to merge into a dingy haze.

Richard Dean called back. After receiving S.T.'s message, the assistant WMWV news director had gone outside with other news staff and counted 370 lines in skies usually devoid of aerial activity.

Brendt put in another call to the FAA official. He had never heard of chemtrails. In their first face-to-face interview, the chain-smoking controller responsible for air traffic over the northeastern seaboard repeated his earlier statements on tape. Similar military activities were ongoing in other regions, he added. On his 'scopes he could track the tankers flying north into Canadian airspace.

Speaking before witnesses at WMWV on condition of strict anonymity, our "Deep Sky" source answered a series of yes/no questions I helped Brendt prepare when she contacted me.

After nearly three years on this case, I wanted to corroborate extremely high levels of aluminum [aluminium] powder found in samples of rainwater falling through thick sky plumes over Espanola, Ontario, in the spring of 1998.

The Espanola lab tests were conducted after residents began complaining to the provincial environment ministry. Severe headaches, chronic joint pain, dizziness, sudden extreme fatigue, acute asthma attacks and feverless "flu-like" symptoms over a 50-square-mile area coincided with what they termed "months of 'spraying'" by photo-identified US Air Force tanker planes.

The USAF denied the intrusions. But former Ontario Provincial Police Officer and Supreme Court expert witness Ted Simola reported lingering Xs and numerous white trails, some of which "just ended" as if they had been shut off but remained in the sky.

Another Espanola resident told me that mental confusion and short-term memory loss were so prevalent that forgetting where their cars were parked had become "a standing joke" in the tiny town.

On November 18, 1998, the people of Espanola petitioned Parliament. Addressing the Canadian government on their behalf, defence critic Gordon Earle explained:

"Over 500 residents of the Espanola area have signed a petition raising concern over possible government involvement in what appears to be aircraft emitting visible aerosols. They have found high traces of aluminum and quartz in particulate and rainwater samples.

"These concerns combined with associated respiratory ailments have led these Canadians to take action and seek clear answers from this government. The petitioners call upon Parliament to repeal any law that would permit the dispersal of military chaff or of any cloud-seeding substance whatsoever by domestic or foreign military aircraft without the informed consent of the citizens of Canada thus affected."

The Ministry of Defence eventually replied: "It's not us."

Which was true. While the US Air Force counts 650 four-engine KC-135 Stratotankers and 50 KC-10 Extenders in its active inventory, Canadian Forces do not fly armadas of tankers. But they do operate the biggest radar installation in Canada at CFB Comox on Vancouver Island, easily capable of tracking the American formations coming up from the south.

"Was the classified operation a radar experiment?" we asked Deep Sky.

"That wasn't what I was told."

Were ATC radars "enhanced or degraded", we wanted to know. The barium spread in exercises conducted out of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base acts as an electrolyte, enhancing conductivity of radar and radio waves. "Wright Pat" has also long been deeply engaged in HAARP's electromagnetic warfare program.

A SKY SHIELD TO COMBAT GLOBAL WARMING?

The puzzle pieces fell into place with Deep Sky's revelation that ATC radars were being "degraded" by tanker-released particles showing up as a "haze" on their screens. This radar characteristic matched the high concentrations of aluminum powder found along with a preponderance of quartz particles in Espanola's chemtrail-contaminated rainwater.

The tankers' aluminum powder emissions also matched the Welsbach patent. Issued in 1994 to the Hughes aerospace giant "for Reduction of Global Warming", the sky shield blueprint calls for dispensing microscopic particles of aluminum oxide and other reflective materials into the upper atmosphere to reflect one or two per cent of incoming sunlight. Computer simulations by Ken Caldeira at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory calculated that this would be enough to stop warming over 85 per cent of the planet, despite an anticipated doubling of carbon in the atmosphere within the next 50 years.

Lawrence Livermore priced the aerial spray program at US$1 billion dollars a year--a cheap fix to maintain massive petroleum profits in the face of Kyoto's internationally agreed carbon cutbacks.

Livermore's founder, Edward Teller, lobbied hard for another chance to play with planetary processes. At the 1998 International Seminar on Planetary Emergencies, the Father of the H-bomb presented his Next Big Idea. Having earlier pressed for detonating nuclear bombs to carve new harbours out of American coastlines, Teller now called for reflective chemicals to be spread like mirror-shades over the Earth. Or at least over allies who could agree in secret for this unprecedented geoengineering experiment to be carried out over their unsuspecting constituents.

In a draft report leaked to me soon after it appeared for peer review in May 2000, an expert panel chosen among 3,000 atmospheric scientists looked at Caldeira's computer simulations and agreed that Teller's scheme might work. But the IPCC warned against unpredictable upsets of the atmosphere, as well as against angry populaces reacting to "the associated whitening of the visual appearance of the sky".

Caldeira was so concerned he went public, warning that deflecting sunlight would further cool the stratosphere, concentrating icy clouds of ozone-gobbling CFCs that could destroy Earth's solar radiation shield.

Was the sky shield experiment already underway? Deep Sky hinted that it was.

Were the tankers involved in weather modification? Our FAA source hesitated before responding. "That approximates what I was told."

For the third interview we rephrased our key question. Were the tankers repeatedly observed on ATC radars involved in climate modification? I caught my breath as Deep Sky confirmed that this is what he was told was the object of the missions.

Here at last was our "smoking nuke" admission. After years of "airliner" double-speak, we could now corroborate Deep Sky's report of military aircraft dispensing reflective materials with an earlier report by a Canadian aviation official.

On December 8, 2000, Terry Stewart, the Manager for Planning and Environment at the Victoria International Airport, had broken this story wide open when he responded to a caller's complaint the previous day of Xs, circles and grids being woven over the British Columbia capitol. Leaving a message on an answering machine tape, later heard by more than 15 million radio listeners, the public servant explained: "It's a military exercise, US and Canadian Air Force exercise that's going on. They wouldn't give me any specifics on it."

Stewart added that he found the incident--one of hundreds reported over Canada's west coast since the fall of 1998--"very odd".

Tasked with defending Canadian airspace in the region, CFB Comox chose instead to defend a classified collaboration. "No military operation is taking place," the base information officer tersely told me when I called for details. But Stewart later told the Vancouver Courier that his information had come directly from CFB Comox.

CONTRAILS vs CHEMTRAILS

Across the strait from the island air base, a concerned mother of three children was noticing that people in Gibsons were coming down with ailments that coincided with constant chemtrail activity. Suzanne Smart's husband contracted asthma; their children were always sniffling and coughing. Smart ended up in the small coastal town's Emergency unit with a sore throat, "super-stiff" neck, pounding headache and ears "ringing like crazy". Even her teeth hurt.

It was all very nerve-wracking. Smart contacted a Transport Canada investigator who had noticed the jet trails too and was convinced it was normal contrail activity. Why he took special notice of normal contrails was not explained. But the TC official told Smart he hoped the Canadian equivalent of the FAA would be notified of any military exercises taking place.

On June 17, 2001, after photographing massive plumes over Gibsons, Smart checked with aviation authorities and found that no airline flight plans had been filed for that airspace at that time. Official weather data showed that when her photos of multiple white plumes were taken, the 30 per cent humidity at 30,000 and 35,000 feet was less than half that needed for contrails to form.

As NOAA meteorologist Thomas Schlatter explains, for even short-lived condensation trails to form, "we're talking temperatures lower than about minus 76 degrees Fahrenheit, and humidity at jet altitudes of 70 per cent or more".

Smart sent her findings to Transport Canada with a request for an explanation of how contrails could form when they couldn't. "It is my understanding," she wrote, "that the only way to form jet trails at yesterday's low humidity is to introduce very fine particulates into the atmosphere."

Smart's homework hit like hardball. According to the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, the only way to form artificial clouds in warm dry air is to introduce enough particulates into the atmosphere to attract and accrete all available moisture into visible vapour. If repeated often enough, the resulting rainless haze can lead to drought.

Following standard procedure to ignore all evidence contradicting the official line, Transport Canada's Randy Phillips responded by advising Smart to check out the "urban legends" website ridiculing chemtrails.

Col. Walter Washbaugh, Chief of the Congressional Inquiry Division for the Secretary of the Air Force in Washington, DC, also calls chemtrails "a hoax". In an April 20, 2001, letter to a US senator, Washbaugh blamed the increased number of contrails on "significant civil aviation growth in the past decade".

He was right. A National Science Foundation study has found that, in certain heavy traffic corridors, artificial cloud cover has increased by as much as 20 per cent since the jet age took off. Dr Patrick Minnis, a CERES atmospheric researcher and ardent chemtrails critic at NASA's Langley Research Center, reports that cirrus cloud cover over the United States is up five per cent overall because particulates in engine exhaust are acting as cloud-forming nuclei. As the number of flights currently exceeds 15 million annually worldwide, the NSF, NASA and EPA predict artificial clouds will intensify as air travel continues climbing sharply.

What about chemtrails? Colonel Washbaugh ascribed widely reported grid patterns to overlapping aircraft flying north-south, east-west airways. The only thing wrong with this explanation, an air traffic controller told me in Texas, is that US airways do not run north-south.

The biggest laugh came when the colonel told the senator: "The Air Force is not conducting any weather modification and has no plans to do so in the future."

In fact, attempts to steer hurricanes by spraying heat-robbing chemicals in their paths began in the 1950s. The recipe for creating "cirrus shields" was outlined in an unusually arrogant US Air Force study. Subtitled "Owning the Weather by 2025", the 1996 report explained how "weather force specialists" were dispersing chemicals behind high-flying tanker aircraft in a process the air force calls "aerial obscuration".

Official denials reached new altitudes of absurdity when another colonel claimed: "The US Air Force does not conduct spraying operations over populated areas." USAF spokeswoman Margaret Gidding told a Spokane newspaper: "The Air Force doesn't do anything that emits anything other than a normal contrail, which is vapor."

So were their replies. Apparently Anderson and Gidding had forgotten how US Air Force spray planes crippled a country and a culture by dispensing over Vietnam thousands of tons of "Agent Orange" defoliants containing dioxin toxins as hazardous as plutonium.

SEEING IS BELIEVING?

In the end, it has proved impossible to continue skywriting giant billboards advertising government duplicity, while insisting they are not there. By the summer of 2001, the controversy entered a new phase. Pictures of contrails were being distributed to newspapers by the Associated Press, and "chemtrails" could be overheard in coffee shop conversations across an entire continent.

When it comes to chemtrails, seeing is disbelieving official disinformation. As public awareness grows, people like war veteran David Oglesby are looking up. The 11 fat plumes fanning out over his Coarsegold, California, home did it for Oglesby last June.

"The trails formed a grid pattern," he told WorldNetDaily News. "Some stretched from horizon to horizon. Some began abruptly, and others ended abruptly. They hung in the air for an extended period of time and gradually widened into wispy clouds resembling spider webs."

A retired US Air Force radar tech named Shimera called a colonel responsible for all military operations in central California. "What would you say if I said there are three aircraft up there right now?" Shimera asked. "Are they there?"

"No," the colonel replied. "They are not there."

The Houston study is not so easily dismissed. Mark Steadham was looking for contrails when he started observing the skies over this busy Texas hub last winter. Using FAA tracking software called Flight Explorer to identify each aircraft, Steadham clocked contrails trailing from Boeing, McDonnell-Douglas and Airbus airliners. All but two of these condensation trails sublimed into invisibility within five to 20 seconds; the only exceptions persisted for two and 25 minutes.

Flight Explorer does not show altitudes for military jets, but, according to the FAA, tankers and transports usually transit continental airspace at around 30,000 feet to ensure safe separation from airliners flying between 35,000 and 39,000 feet. Military "heavies" flying below 30,000 feet should not leave contrails at all. Major-General Gregory Barlow confirms that Air Force tankers do not perform refuelling missions at contrail-forming altitudes.

But Steadham found just the opposite in his study. While observing air traffic for 63 days, the Houston skywatcher found that thick white plumes laid by similar-sized military aircraft--at the same time, in the same airspace as 20-second airliner contrails--lingered for four to eight hours.

GLOBAL CHEMTRAIL REPORTS

Sightings of oddly lingering plumes sometimes resembling rocket trails are not confined to North American skies.

While on leave in Italy in the summer of 1999, the US Navy's Kitty Chastain sat on her hotel balcony and watched aerial grids being laid all day just offshore over the Bay of Naples. "People were coughing all over Naples," she wrote. On the bus ride in from the base, Chastain explained chemtrails to many sailors with hacking coughs.

On October 12 that same year, a Paris correspondent reported "...heavy activity from all directions, X upon X. The pilots here seem to like to play chicken; they fly right at each other and then one will swerve, their trails forming pitchforks and Xs." No contrails were being left by "normal planes" in the same skies. But the next day, planes flying over Paris "from all directions" obscured the sky with more Xs that continued into the evening.

In Spain on April 27, 2000, American tourist John Hendricks dashed off a quick email from El Café de Internet: "Were we surprised to see that the chemtrails are as bad here as they are anywhere, both in Mallorca and in Barcelona." He and his wife "took plenty of pictures" before noticing a postcard they'd bought captured a perfect chemtrail.

"Add Sweden to the list," a Swedish resident wrote after spotting eight to 10 parallel 'trails and contracting flu for the first time in years. Weather conditions at the time were not conducive to contrail formation. "I know the commercial routes, and we have a bunch of them, but not where these trails were."

Chemtrail activity has been reported in at least 14 allied nations including Australia, Belgium, Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Holland, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Scotland, Sweden and the United States. Croatian chemtrails began the day after that country joined NATO.

ATMOSPHERIC ORGANISMS

Many chemtrail observers note that chemtrails are often laid down at the leading edge of approaching frontal systems. While rare "sundogs" form ice-crystal circles around the Sun in advance of strong winds, much more common "chemdogs" create prismatic solar halos during stable weather.

More and more observers, like this Vancouver resident, wonder why "on the days of heavy spraying you will notice a rainbow around the Sun". Many more people who have been healthy all their lives wonder why they keep getting desperately sick whenever the chemplanes appear.

Unlike the refined aluminum in cooking utensils that is tenuously linked to Alzheimer's disease, aluminum oxide is as inert as sand and is not considered toxic.

But in a story headlined "Tiny particles can kill", the August 5, 2000, edition of New Scientist reported that "city-dwellers in Europe and the US are dying young because of microscopic particles in the air".

Looking at byproducts of hydrocarbon burning, a Harvard School of Public Health team determined particulates with a diameter less than 10 microns as being a serious threat to public health. (A human hair is about 100 microns across.) In 1987, US environmental regulations limited airborne concentrations of particles less than 10 microns in diameter.

But air pollution has grown worse. On April 21, 2001, the New York Times warned: "These microscopic motes are able to infiltrate the tiniest compartments in the lungs and pass readily into the bloodstream, and have been most strongly tied to illness and early death, particularly in people who are already susceptible to respiratory problems."

David Hawkins, a lawyer for the Natural Resources Defense Council, speaks for "about a quarter-million Americans who have died prematurely as result of fine-particle exposure".

That number may be boosted sharply by chemtrail spraying. On December 14, 2000, the New England Journal of Medicine reported that inhaling particulate matter of a size 10 microns or smaller leads to "a 5% increased death rate within 24 hours".

Teller's sunscreen calls for spraying 10 million tons of talcum-fine reflective particulates of 10 to 100 micron sizes.

Allergic reactions to airborne fallout do not explain the entire syndrome of chemtrail-related illness. Falling blood temperatures accompanying symptoms of intense yet feverless "flu" is a classic sign of chronic fungal infection. Blamed for a host of auto-immune dysfunction, from chronic fatigue to fibromyalgia and multiple sclerosis, the fungus within us also signals its presence in sharp joint pain, sudden extreme fatigue, sudden dizziness, mental confusion and short-term memory loss.

After nearly three years of intense investigation, I have found no proof that chemtrails constitute a deliberate biological attack. Research for my books on the Gulf biowar and earlier germ warfare experiments (Bringing The War Home; Scorched Earth) show that bio-attacks are conducted at low level and never in daylight, in order to avoid ultraviolet sterilisation of toxins.

The biohazards in chemtrails may be bad LUC. The "Law of Unintended Consequences" states that every human intervention creates unpredictable consequences. Chemtrails can cause drought by soaking up all available moisture, and drooping chemical curtains fall through vast colonies of UV-mutated bacteria, viruses and fungi living in the upper atmosphere. Could these malevolent micro-organisms be piggy-backing on the plumes?

A series of balloon flights made in the US during the 1960s collected startling stratospheric samples swarming with bacteria and fungi as well as viruses bigger than any known at the time.

If viruses fall from the sky, most would land in the sea. Dipping their beakers into coastal seawater, scientists found as many as 10 million large virus-like particles per quart. As one researcher said: "No one knows where they come from or what they do. Their size and shape match the virus-like particles found in the upper atmosphere."

Other life-forms, even tinier than bacteria, are also thriving in our atmosphere. The discoverer of nanobacteria, Dr Robert Folk, describes the most populous organisms on Earth as "dwarf forms of bacteria, about one-tenth the diameter and 1/1000th the volume of ordinary bacteria".

The Professor Emeritus at the University of Texas figures that these ultra-tiny bugs are "possibly an order of magnitude more abundant" than normal bacteria that swarm everywhere.

Since chemtrails are commonly spread over populated areas where temperature differentials are greatest and solar shading most needed, it is probable that particulate-laden plumes are precipitating airborne viruses, bacteria and fungi down into human lungs and respiratory systems unable to recognise or resist the alien invaders.

This possibility was further strengthened when Dr Folk chose a lightweight metal as a matrix to grow bugs too small to be seen by optical microscopes. Folk viewed under electronic magnification entire ecologies of swarming nanobac. The bacteria were feasting on (he called it "metabolising") aluminum.

PUBLIC CONCERN SPREADS

Are we worried yet? An August 2001 WorldNetDaily poll asked Americans: "Do you think 'chemtrails' are anything to worry about?" Forty-three per cent answered "Yes"; another 30 per cent wanted more information on chemtrails--a total 73 per cent of US respondents concerned about chemtrails.

As lawyers across the US discuss filing the "Mother of All Lawsuits" against Boeing, Bush and the US Air Force, their case now appears tight enough to force further disclosures. The last glaring evidential gap--photos of ground-based chemtrail operations--may soon be forthcoming.

What to do?

A British campaigner involved in another bid to reclaim individual sovereignty and local autonomy held out the best hope for change when she told a CBC radio interviewer: "The only way to get government to do anything is if enough people stand up and shout, 'This is ridiculous!'"

Stay tuned. With chemtrails confirmed as a military operation aimed at climate modification, the biggest trial is about to begin--in the court of public opinion.


References:
About the Author:William Thomas specialises in health and environment issues. His award-winning writing has appeared in more than 50 publications in eight countries. His editorial commentaries have been published in The Globe and Mail, Toronto Star, Vancouver Sun and Times-ColonistEarth Island Journal and Ecodecision magazines. He has also appeared on CBC radio and TV, CNN and New Zealand national television. His articles, "Poison from the Sky: the 'Chemtrails' Crisis" and "Probing the 'Chemtrails' Conundrum", were published in NEXUS 6/03 and 7/02 respectively. He can be contacted by email at willthomas@ telus.net, or via his Lifeboat News website, www.lifeboatnews.com. newspapers as well as

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